When was johannesburg formally established

The Robben Island Museum was officially opened on 1 January The Constitution came into effect on 4 February The week of 17 to 21 March is named national Constitution Week: more than seven million copies of the Constitution are distributed in all 11 languages. Voortrekkerhoogte is renamed Thaba Tshwane. He had served as Nelson Mandela's deputy. It was since joined by other sites, namely.

The motto! It also demonstrated clearly that South Africa is capable of hosting large conferences. Mark Shuttleworth became the first South African in space in April It focussed the world's attention and direct action toward meeting difficult challenges, including improving people's lives and conserving our natural resources in a world that is growing in population, with ever-increasing demands for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health services and economic security.

The museum is named after one of the first casualties of the march through Soweto on 16 June , when police were ordered to shoot at a crowd of demonstrating students. This edition of the World Cup was the first to be played on African soil. South African adventurer Sibusiso Vilane makes history on 23 May when he becomes the first black African to summit Mount Everest, a climb he would repeat two years later. South Africa held its third democratic elections on 14 April The African National Congress wins with He was inaugurated on 27 April at the Union Buildings, Pretoria.

The programme provides an important avenue for labour absorption and income transfers to poor households in the short to medium-term. The Charter became a powerful force in uniting the people of all racial origins in a common struggle for the elimination of apartheid and the establishment of a non-racial democratic state.

The Modderfontein Orthopaedic Institute is a large multi-disciplinary orthopaedic practice with seven orthopaedic surgeons. As a collective we strive to cover the entire spectrum of orthopaedic conditions guided by the latest best available treatment evidence. The majority of our orthopaedic surgeons are fellowship-trained super-specialists.

The Institute offers a one-stop referral service for orthopaedic conditions and accepts self-referrals. It is the first facility in Africa to offer robotic assisted orthopaedic surgery.

The institute continues to be a pioneer in this exciting field offering both robotic assisted hip and knee replacement surgery. The Institute is a world-class treatment facility for hand, upper limb and sports injuries.

The Institute also has a comprehensive orthopaedic trauma and spine service There has been a steady shift away from the traditional solo medical practice towards consolidation in group practices. Group practices generally offer a more comprehensive service and greater convenience for the patient.

In South Africa, General Practice GP was at the forefront of this movement and as a result GP group practices are now commonplace in major urban centres. Orthopaedic surgeons have for a long time recognized the benefits of group practices including the shared clinical experience. The commissioning of the Busamed Modderfontein Orthopaedic and Oncology Hospital BMOOH presented us with an opportunity to assemble a group of like-minded academic orthopaedic surgeons with different but complementary super specialist interests with the aim of establishing a common practice.

The Modderfontein Orthopaedic Institute was formally established in and started operating out of the hospital in the latter half of the same year.

The Institute is staffed by seven qualified Orthopaedic surgeons covering a full spectrum of orthopaedic conditions. The majority of the surgeons are academically active and fellowship trained in various super-specialist orthopaedic disciplines. The boys' teacher is Jan Pasqual and a freed slave, Margaret, teaches the girls. Some slaves are selected to learn skilled trades. The school continues but is reserved for non-slave children and offspring of colonists.

The decree makes it illegal for a person to be employed as a teacher without the approval of the governor and the Council of Policy. Importantly the Scholarchs Committee to oversee education is established. The duties of teachers are spelled out and regulations regarding school organization are laid down. These measures represent the first steps towards formalising education in the Cape. The Dutch school system reforms because of new teaching materials and textbooks, the first school buildings are designed and education becomes a function of the state.

This will later have an effect on education at the Cape. This system will later be used in South Africa. Previous to this only a handful of Khoi and black South Africans received formal education. This is a milestone in the history of education because it withdrew the control of public education from the church and introduced the idea that the organisation of public schooling is a responsibility of the state.

This interrupts educational reforms put in place by the School Ordinance. Instruction is exclusively in English and at no charge to the parents. Free schools are originally intended to be multiracial, but soon they begin to provide for white children only. Church Schools become almost exclusivley coloured to complement the Free Schools.

Slaves in South Africa are also freed, with Ordinance 50 being extended to them. White farmers can no longer rely on a supply of unfree labour. In the Eastern Cape it was better received, due to the larger numbers of British settlers. After this year it was gradually abandoned. The only successful Free Schools were the one at Uitenhage and Graaff-Reinet because teachers did not abandon the Dutch language and also learnt to identify with their communities better. All mission schools now fall under its control.

The Education Law is also passed in the Cape Colony and, amongst other things, the state grants aid to schools, limits religious instruction and gives attention to classical languages such as Greek and Latin. The furniture consists of 1 communal desk which the Superintendent-General of Education and his clerk share, 3 chairs and 1 cupboard with shelves!

Many African leaders are educated there including Chief Albert Luthuli. Financial support has to come from other sources, such as the Latin Fund, the Masonic Education Fund, the Slave Compensation Fund, the Bible and School Commission, the levying of school fees, and overseas sources. It provides for the creation of Educational Boards in villages and towns. This means that more schools can be established, but the funding of these remains a problem see above.

Pupils have to be 13 years of age and have to be trained for 5 years and write an annual examination. After completion of the training, one year must to be spent at a recognized training institute.

These schools are designed for young adults who are working during the day and could not attend ordinary schools. The Act formalizes the system of state subsidies for private schools. A mere 2 African students are enrolled in schools. The first of these was Blaauwvallei near Wellington. A scheme of fixed standards of attainment up to Std 4 is drawn up to ensure that pupils would learn more than just meaningless facts.

Many schools, especially Mission Schools, need to change to comply with the standard. It determines standards and syllabuses, conducts the School Elementary Examination, the School Higher Examination and the Matriculation Examination, and confers degrees. These institutions can now afford to expand and further the cause of higher education. A number of wars of dispossession fought on the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony end. More mission stations and mission schools open because of the ceasefire.

Proclamation No. Furniture, books and stationery will also be supplied on a pound-for-pound basis. However, the depression reduces the amount of government money available for buildings.

Teachers and parents voice their outrage because the Education Department has again failed to deliver on its promises.

Black schooling becomes a separate responsibility within the Council of Education. Those who pass, receive a Public Schools Certificate. The School Elementary Certificate is written after Std 7. Cecil John Rhodes proposes a university system that would bring English and Afrikaans speaking communities together in South Africa. Malan announces in a speech in Cape Town that the university system should satisfy both white communities Afrikaans and English.

Black Africans are prevented from buying land outside these areas and property sizes inside the reserves are also restricted. As a result of this Act, the majority of Africans can no longer live as subsistence farmers and there is not enough land for everyone.

Africans are forced to work for wages on white farms or in mines or factories. Many of its founding members are mission school graduates.

The Commission recommends that the medium of instruction should not be a major issue in universities and university colleges. The colour bar officially regulates labour appointment and job reservation is created.

Black workers are placed in an inferior position to white workers, and are also denied certain freedoms. Africans have to fund themselves if state subsidies are not enough. This causes continual under funding.

The Commission points to problems with the system, but virtually nothing is done to improve things. The campaign, led by Oliver Tambo, eventually sees 45 students suspended. There is a call for a student strike and the removal of the headmaster. He is 33 years old. The social gathering is turned into a violent attack on the political and social conditions prevailing in the land. The slogan for the evening is 'Africa for the Africans'. The government appoints the Eiselen Commission to look at African education.

The Commission recommends 'resorting to radical measures' for the 'effective reform of the Bantu school system'. Writing about the strikes in the schools, C. Motsepe observes that black students are aware of their parents' agitation for better conditions of life, higher wages, better housing, and better judicial rights. The Programme adopts a more militant stance and calls for an end to compliance with the government's racist policies.

The Act forces all schools for Africans to register with the government, resulting in almost all of the mission schools as well as night schools closing down. Blacks can no longer freely attend white universities. Again, there are strong protests. The university structure of South Africa is altered. In the same year Africans, Coloureds, and Indians are enrolled in 'white universities'.

It is only in the period preceding the introduction of the Universities Bill that black students join their white peers in protesting against the closing of the open universities. February, Over students at Lovedale organise a walkout and go home. Indian education is also made compulsory. A major promoter of CNE, Dr. Chris Coetzee, says on CNE says that there is no distinction between christianity and nationalism.

Later on a poll reveals that the majority of Afrikaaners did not want CNE. The University Christian Movement UCM is formed as an interdenominational organisation to explore what the church and individuals can do to bring about change in South Africa. More than half of the delegates at the inaugural conference are black.

Under the Group Areas Act black delegates are told that they cannot be accommodated at the university residence and must sleep in the neighbouring township. The situation is exacerbated when the Vice-Chancellor of the university stops all racially mixed social gatherings and forbids blacks from taking meals in the residence.

Over students at the University of Cape Town organise a sit-in protest against government intervention that forced the university to repeal its appointment of black academic Archie Mafeje as senior lecturer in the Department of African Studies. Over students and staff later join this protest and demand non-interferance from the government in university appointments. Wits students take the matter further by marching on the Union Buildings where they intend delivering a letter of protest.

However students from the University of Pretoria attack the marchers, preventing them from reaching the Union Buildings July, Steve Biko attends a conference of the University Christian Movement UCM where he discovers that despite the UCM's non-racial political orientation and its majority black membership, the leadership of the organisation is dominated by whites.